1. Signed in 1960
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960, between India and Pakistan, with the World Bank playing a crucial role as a mediator and guarantor.
2. Division of RiversAccording to the treaty, the three eastern rivers—Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi—were allocated to India, while the three western rivers—Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—were reserved primarily for Pakistan.
3. India's Rights Over RiversIndia was given complete rights to utilize the waters of the eastern rivers for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes without any restrictions under the Indus Waters Treaty.
4. Pakistan's Rights Over RiversPakistan received full control over the three western rivers, ensuring it had a reliable and sufficient supply of water for its agricultural needs and growing population.
5. Limited Use for India on Western RiversIndia is allowed limited, non-consumptive uses of the western rivers, such as for irrigation, storage, and hydroelectric power generation, without significantly altering the river flows to Pakistan.
6. Conflict Resolution MechanismThe treaty established a detailed dispute resolution system involving a Permanent Indus Commission, neutral experts for technical issues, and the International Court of Arbitration for serious conflicts.
7. Water Sharing ExampleAlthough six rivers are part of the treaty, India is permitted to use around 20% of the total Indus river system waters, while Pakistan utilizes the remaining 80%.
8. Treaty’s Endurance Over TimeDespite experiencing multiple wars and ongoing political tensions, the Indus Waters Treaty remains one of the few agreements between India and Pakistan that continues to function effectively.